HIV is still growing, even when undetectable in the blood
28 January 2016
Study challenges previous beliefs about dormant virus and charts ‘path to a cure’
- New avenues revealed for more effective HIV treatment
- Hidden virus found growing in protected drug sanctuaries
- Novel deep sequencing technique reveals HIV moving through body in time and space
- Drugs need to penetrate sanctuaries in lymphoid tissue to cure HIV
A team of international researchers including scientists from Oxford University has found that HIV is still replicating in lymphoid tissue even when it is undetectable in the blood of patients on antiretroviral drugs.
The findings provide a critical new perspective on how HIV persists in the body despite potent antiretroviral therapy.
The study, led by Northwestern University, USA, is published in the journal Nature.
‘We have a path to a cure,’ said corresponding author Dr Steven Wolinsky, chief of infectious diseases at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and a Northwestern Medicine physician. ‘The challenge now is to deliver drugs at clinically effective concentrations to where the virus continues to replicate within the patient.’
Combinations of potent antiretroviral drugs quickly suppress HIV to undetectable levels in the bloodstream of most patients, but HIV persists in a viral reservoir within lymphoid tissue in the body. The virus rapidly rebounds in the blood if patients stop their drugs. This suggests that long-lived latently infected cells and/or ongoing low levels of HIV replication maintain these viral reservoirs.
Up until now, most scientists believed the reservoir only contained long-lived infected cells in a resting state rather than newly infected cells, for two principal reasons. First, no one had seen viruses with the new genetic mutations that inevitably arise when HIV completes cycles of growth. Second, most patients do not develop the drug resistance mutations that might seem likely if HIV was growing in the presence of drugs.
The team examined viral sequences in serial samples of cells from lymph nodes and blood from three HIV-infected patients from the University of Minnesota, USA, who had no detectable virus in their blood.
Scientists found that the viral reservoir was, in fact, constantly replenished by low-level virus replication in lymphoid tissue, with infected cells then moving from these protected sanctuaries into the blood.
Because infected cells in drug-sanctuaries within lymphoid tissue can still produce new viruses, infect new target cells and replenish the viral reservoir, it has not been possible to purge the body of latently infected cells and eradicate the virus.
A mathematical model, developed by Dr Helen Fryer of the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, tracked the amount of virus and the number of infected cells as they grew and evolved in drug sanctuaries before moving through the body. The model explains how HIV can grow in drug sanctuaries in lymphoid tissue where antiretroviral drug concentrations are lower than in the blood, and why viruses with mutations that create high-level drug resistance do not necessarily emerge.
The findings provide a new perspective on how HIV persists in the body despite potent antiretroviral therapy. The study also explains why the development of drug resistance is not inevitable when virus growth occurs in a place where drug concentrations are very low.
Most importantly, this new understanding highlights how important it is to deliver high concentrations of antiretroviral drugs to all locations in the body where HIV can grow. Drugs that penetrate the newly discovered sanctuaries will be a prerequisite to the elimination of the viral reservoir and, ultimately, a step towards a cure.
‘The study is exciting because it really changes how we think about what is happening in treated patients,’ said co-author Professor Angela McLean, Professor of Mathematical Biology at Oxford University, who supervised the mathematical modelling. ‘It helps explain why some strategies that tried to clear the reservoir have failed.’
Dr Helen Fryer added: ‘By learning more about how HIV continues to exist within treated individuals, we are one step closer to finding a cure.’
For further information, please contact Stuart Gillespie in the University of Oxford press office at [email protected] or on +44 (0)1865 283877.
Alternatively, contact Marla Paul at Northwestern University on 312-503-8928 or at [email protected].
Notes to editors:
The paper ‘Persistent HIV-1 replication maintains the tissue reservoir during therapy’ is published in Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature16933
The Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division (MPLS) is one of four academic divisions at the University of Oxford, representing the non-medical sciences. Oxford is one of the world’s leading universities for science, and MPLS is at the forefront of scientific research across a wide range of disciplines. Research in the mathematical, physical and life sciences at Oxford was rated the best in the UK in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. MPLS received £133m in research income in 2014/15.